International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Meng Wang

ABSTRACT:This article uses principal component regression and partial least square regression to analyze and forecast the fiscal revenue of Guizhou. When we want to build a common linear regression model for the data, we found that there are multiple collinearities between variables, so we established a principal component regression model and a partial least squares regression model, eliminating the multiple collinearities, and can achieve better Among them, the prediction accuracy of the partial least squares regression model is better. Finally, comprehensively consider these two models, and give suggestions on the financial aspects of Guizhou.

Keyword: fiscal revenue, principal component regression, partial least squares regression

Toribio G. Cruz Jr.

ABSTRACT:This study used laboratory approach as supplementary reading program to selected Grade 7 frustration readers. Using the SRA Reading Laboratory Kit II-a, the selected students attended reading session for 30 days. These selected students were given a pre-test and a post-test on phonics and decoding, vocabulary and reading comprehension. A t-test was used on the results to see significant differences on the reading performances before and after the use of the laboratory approach. This study found that using this approach as supplementary reading program influenced reading performances of students specifically on phonics and decoding, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Laboratory approach can therefore be used as a supplementary reading program and thus be used for grade 7 frustration readers.

Keyword:Reading laboratory, reading comprehension, supplementary reading materials

Caroline Sigei1 , Joseph Kweri2, Rono Walter3, Teresiah Musa4 ,Ann Mwangi5, James Kanyoni6, Atanas Malik7, Peris Macharia8, Shadrack Asena9 ,Cyrus kamau10, Caroline Ndung’ u11 , Jane karanja12, Ricky Kitur13

ABSTRACT:Phenytoin, an antiepileptic medicine has been shown to interfere with the development of the fetal heart when used by mothers during pregnancy. This embryological disruptionsmay serve as contributor to the various diseases of cardiovascular system being witnessed in childhood as well as in adult hood including sinoventricular tachycardia, hypertension, and ischemic heart diseases among others. There is lack of data on histological effects of phenytoin on the heart and this study therefore aimed to establish histological teratogenic effects of phenytoin on the heart when varying used at different gestational periods in albino rats. In carrying out the study a total of 30 pregnant female albino rats weighing between 150-250grams were used as the experimental model whereby they were randomly assigned into two broad study groups of 3 control and 27 experimental group. The 27animals in the experimental group were further subdivided into three study groups as follows [low phenytoin group(31mgs/kg/bw), medium (62mg/kg/bw) and high phenytoin group(124mg/kg/bw)] of nine (9) rats each. Each of the nine (9) rats in each of the low, medium and high phenytoin groups were further subdivided into three study sub- groups of 3 rats each as trimesters one (T1) trimester two (T2), and trimester three (T3) in order to determine the effects of phenytoin when exposed on different gestational periods. The control group received food and water adlibitum while experimental animals received food, water adlibitum and varying doses of phenytoin based on their study category and the exposure period. All the pregnant dams were humanely sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation and the fetuses were then harvested and weighed. A total of 90 fetuses, three fetuses with low, medium and high weights objectively obtained from each dam were hence humanely sacrificed and their hearts obtained and processed for light microscopy. The left ventricular walls of the processed slides were observed under a light microscope connected to a computer screen with a camera and photomicrographs were captured and saved. The intergroup and intragroup comparison of the left ventricular wall was done. The left ventricular wall layers showed disorganization among the experimental group compared to the of the control particularly the highphenytoin group when phenytoin was administered during the first trimester.

Keyword:Phenytoin, Anticonvulsant, Teratogenic, histological, fetal heart.

1 Zuraida Ab Rahman, 1 Ayu Nazreena Othman, 1 Chandradevan A/L Machap, 2 Amirah Balqis Amir Amran and 1 Nur Najwa Arifah Basiron

ABSTRACT:The main purpose of this research is to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in micro-rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora. Different parts of in vitro cultured K. parviflora were used in this study to equate with normal rhizomes grown naturally. The in vitro culture process was initiated using Naphthaleneacetic (NAA) and Benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) in the growth medium either on its own or combined (1 mg/L NAA, 2 mg/L NAA, and 1 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BAP). The in vitro cultured accumulation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activities is significantly lower as correlated to the one naturally grown K. parviflora rhizomes.

Keyword:Kaempferia parviflora, antioxidant activities, phenolic content, microrhizomes

Joseph Fallah

ABSTRACT:Every reinforced concrete member has a given limit of design requirement in two folds: a lower limit and an upper limit. A designed member would necessarily be suitable if at least the design parameter in question falls within these values. Countries, manufacturers, and regulating agencies have over the years produced and regularized codes, standards, etc. to regulate the safe adaptation of reasonable factors and advice for designers to follow. As a key component in the construction of a reinforced concrete member, reinforcing bars serve cardinal roles in effectively sustaining the element from abrupt collapse. All of this is made possible by adequately addressing the requisite amount of reinforcement that can withstand said moment or torsion induced on the member. However, the placement and location of a rebar may have the inability to offer structural importance to the overall performance of the structure. Hence, the iteration procedure developed herein has the capability to compare in real time the changing effect of one parameter against the rest of the other parameters in the equation under consideration. Key components considered in the steel ratio equation include the design moment capacity, the section effective area, the compressive strength of the concrete, etc. hence these are parameters that go constantly into the iteration. An arbitrary adjusting factor is selected by the design engineer. This factor is the key component controlling the entire iteration procedure. It smoothens the linear and parabolic relationships that exist between any two parameters and for those that exist amongst several parameters. In achieving this goal, several mathematical expressions are formulated thus leading to the establishment of specific hypotheses between parametric relationships. Here, a simple span railway bridge deck is analyzed up to the determination of its area of steel and then begins the iteration to adjust all necessary parameters where needed.

Keyword:Iteration, moment capacity, steel ratio, compressive strength of concrete, yield strength of steel, flexure, load factor design, AREMA, ACI,

Telamanu B.E.¹ *, Didier Tshikung K. M. D.², Malemba N.², Pati P.P. ¹ˉ³, Kasongo A.G ²

ABSTRACT:A study on Human-Wildlife Conflicts (HWC) was carried out from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2020 in the province of Kongo Central. The objective was to identify the wild animal species responsible in the local typology of conflicts. Semi-structured surveys were conducted on the basis of an interview guide among the populations of 8 out of the 10 territories in the province. The sample size was determined using Fréderic's formula at 384 households per territory chosen by the simple random sampling technique, or 3,072 individuals for the entire province. The administration of the questionnaire was carried out by the so-called "PAPI" technique. The results showed that Dendrospis, Bitisgabonica and Potamochoerusporcus were most cited for injuries, bites and fatalities in humans. Crop depredation data revealed Thryonomysswinderianus, Ratusratus and Cephalophusmonticola to be the most implicated. “Farmyard animal predation” revealed that Accipiter misus was cited the most, followed by Vulpesvulpes, Viverracivetta and Bitisgabonica. As for “Domestic mammal predation”, it turned out that Python sebae and Bitisgabonica were the most implicated.

Keyword:Human-wildlife conflicts, Semi-structured investigation, Wild species involved, Interview guide.

Sudha Pal

ABSTRACT:The Fluorescence spectra have been recorded of Nd3+ doped ZnO nanomaterial using with intense absorption bands (400nm) at room temperature in visible region. The spontaneous emission probability (A) values have been calculated for the fluorescence bands at 882.2nm (4F3/2  4I9/2), 1046 nm (4F3/2  4I11/2 ), 1380 nm (4F3/2  4I13/2) and 1403nm (4F3/2  4I15/2) have been calculated for ZnONMNd and assigned to 4F3/2 → 4I9/2, 4F3/2 →4I11/, 4F3/2 →4I13/2, and 4F3/2 →4I15/2.transitions respectively. Radiative properties viz. spontaneous emission probability (A), fluorescence branching ratio (β), radiative life time (τ) and stimulated emission cross- section (σp) have been computed. The size range of the generated Nd3+ doped ZnO nanomaterial was approximately 50-20nm. The trend of stimulated emission cross-section (σP) has been shown like this 4F3/2 → 4I9/2, 4F3/2 →4I11/, 4F3/2 →4I13/2, and 4F3/2 →4I15/2.

Keyword:Neodymium Nd3+ doped ZnO nanoparticles, Judf-Ofelt Intensity Parameters Fluorescence Spectra, Radiative Properties and Emission Cross Section

AzmeKhamis, Chan Man Seong, KekZhi Xuan, Goh Chin Hang, Wong WengHao, Aw Yew Chung

ABSTRACT:Uncertainty in the movement for the Malaysian stock market was concluded to be influenced by the changes in several macroeconomic factors in which related to some relevant incidents. Therefore, it is meaningful to determine their effects on the Malaysian stock market in order to justify the changes in several macroeconomic factors This study determines how the causal relationship between the macroeconomic factors and the Malaysian stock marketing which starting from January 2014 until December 2019. The Malaysian stock market, crude oil, exchange rate and gold price are selected in this study.This is because of several macroeconomics factors are suspected to have significant effects on the uncertainty movement of the Malaysian stock market. In order to investigate the relationship between these selected macroeconomic variables and the Malaysian stock market, the Granger causality test isadopted. The findings showed that there is a long-run cointegration relationship exists among the macroeconomic factors and the Malaysian stock market.

Keyword:Granger Causality Analysis, Malaysian Stock Market, Cointegration

WILLARD CHISHIMBA 1, DR. KENNETH MAKOKHA 2, DR. JOHN MUHENDA 3

ABSTRACT:This article intend to demonstrate that throughout his career, Plato was deeply concerned with a range of political problems for which he is commonly not given credit. Basically, we shall argue that Plato was serious about implementing the ideal state outlined in the Republic, and that in his works we find a realistic assessment of the political obstacles that stood in the way of establishing it. However, not only is Plato frequently not cited for exploring these questions, but often, when his ideas along these lines are examined, they are discussed in a superficial fashion, while an increasing number of commentators has set about to dismiss them altogether. And so the task here is to show that in Plato's analysis of the question of implementing the ideal state can be found a political side to his political theory that is frequently overlooked, and what is more, that in his treatment of these questions Plato touches upon fundamental political truths, basic to any theory of radical reform.

Keyword:Ideal, Political, Philosophy Reflection, Society

Monica Henny Sudaryati

ABSTRACT:Pancasila is a guideline that regulates all aspects of the life Indonesian people. This encourages the creation of love for the homeland, fostering unity and integrity, an attitude of self-sacrifice to maintain the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Covid19 era that was not invited, it has shaken the world, made a new activity to ward off. The purpose of the research is to examine national insight and religious moderation in the era of covid 19 in maintaining the integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia as an effort towards the integrity zone. Collecting data using observation, interviewing of old participants, the committee at the training of the Pandeglang district, West Java. Researchers used qualitative methods. The results indicate that covid 19 era is very worrying, but this does not reduce the intensity to create a zone of integrity, accompanied by worship. Technology is very useful for being able to establish communication, related to maintaining health, obeying health protocols, establishing internal and inter-communal communication. Looking for the best solution to stay healthy at work, love the homeland and profession, for the peace of the people by creating the integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia.

Keyword:national insight, religious moderation, covid 19, NKRI, integrity zone,

Fatima Abdullahi Hari, Kalimullah Saghirand, * Nasir Hassan Wagini.

ABSTRACT:A study on the effect of vehicle smoke on anatomy of Soybeans [Glycine max] was conducted in the Biological Garden and Postgraduate laboratory of the Department of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (UMYUK), and Nigeria. An effort was made in the study to screen out the anatomical features of G. max growing in unpolluted environment as compared to the ones growing in polluted environment. Four experiments were set, (three as test experiments and one as control) using a poly house containing five pots each. Polluted and unpolluted leaves and stems of the G. max were cut into sections in the laboratory and identified under microscope for the anatomical studies. All the parameters were analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means between the treatments were compared using Tukey’s-b test at the significance level of p≤0.05. Results of the study revealed that the polluted leaves and stems were showing less epidermal cells, palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, xylem and phloem, vascular bundles, stomata and trichome size compared to the unpolluted ones. Findings of this study showed thatG. Maxhad developed anatomical changes under polluted environment that further led to injury of the plant which could either be acute or chronic depending on the exposure time. Therefore, it is suggested that G. max farmers should avoid planting it along busy roads.

Keyword:Anatomy, vehicle smoke, Glycine max, Pollution

ADEYEMI O.F 1 and G. G. Nyam 1

ABSTRACT:The use of MRI for production of quality images has improve on diagnosis and studies of health related issue in medicine. This review help to understand and analyse the risk involve infetalmri scanning that can be harmful to the fetus, mother and mri operator

Keyword:MRI, Projectile Effect, Vertigo, SAR

*Fatima Lawal, khalimullah Saghir and Nasir Hassan Wagini

ABSTRACT:The present study include the phytochemical composition of different parts of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss) and its biocontrol of mosquito larvae in Katsina metropolis where the leaves and stem bark of neem (Azadirachta indica) were collected from Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina while Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected from the stagnant water around households. The preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of stem bark, fresh and dried leaves revealed the presence of eight phytochemicals that include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, cardiac glycocides and terpanoids with different proportions. Different concentrations of all the botanicals (Stem bark, Fresh and Dried leaves) were made separately and twenty larvae of Anopheles were placed in different concentrations. Control was set up for each experiment. Observation of mortality was carried out after each 24 hours. Statistically, there was a significance difference (p˂0.05) between the mortality of the mosquito larvae. The dried leaves extract caused the highest (x-y %) (13.33-36.67%) mortality rate with the least LC50 and LC90 values, followed by fresh leaves (8.33-26.67%) and the least (6.67-23.33%) mortality was found in stem bark at 24 hours after exposure, similar trend was observed at 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs against Anopheles larvae. Conclusively, aqueous extracts of neem stem bark, fresh and dried leaves could have some biologically active components of larvicidal effect. The use of this plant parts is recommended for biological control of mosquito larvae and further research to isolate the active component is equally suggested.

Keyword:Phytochemical, LC50 and LC90, Mortality, Azadirachta indica, mosquito larvae.

AMOUSSA HOUNKPATIN Waliou 1 , BODJRENOU Fifali Sam Ulrich 1 , ADOUNKPE Julien 2, KANDJI Kelly 1 , KOUNOUHEWA Basile 3, AHOUANNOU Clement 4

ABSTRACT:This study aims to estimating the post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables (F&V) in Benin and examining the possibility of using solar energy to improve their conservation and the preservation of their nutritional potential. Data were collected through literature review and investigations through F&V value chains in the different agricultural development poles (ADP) or agro-ecological zones of Benin. In different ADP, losses of almost all seasonal F&V have been estimated at more than 50% of production. The most important losses (at least 80% of the quantity produced) are recorded for tomatoes. The quantities of most produced F&V (pineapple, mango, Solanum leaves and tomato) lost, could have covered the annual needs of nearly four million children for vitamin A, more than 700,000 children for iron and more than 400,000 children for zinc. The use of solar energy could therefore be considered as a solution to either facilitate the sustainable conservation of food products or to produce energy for the operation of small processing units at the local level.

Keyword:Post-harvest losses, Fruits and vegetables, Food preservation, Solar drying, Benin

Grigory Andreevich Korablev

ABSTRACT:The graphs of S-curves characterize the general dynamics of change of entropic components depending on the process main parameters. At the same time, their sum is equal to the maximum value of each of them in this interaction. The condition of the system stationary state is the equality or constant of the correlation between its entropy and negentropy (equilibrium dynamics). Such regularities are found in many phenomena and conformational interactions in physical chemistry, nature, engineering and even economy. The examples of their functional contribution are given. The possibility of objective analysis of the coronavirus regional scenario is demonstrated based on the Russian data.

Keyword:S-curves, their diversity, entropy, negentropy, system stabilization, physical and chemical regularities, coronavirus scenario.

Macharia Peris 1, , Kweri Joseph 2, Cyrus Kamau 3,Kanyoni James 4, Mwangi Ann 5 Caroline Sigei 6, Rono walter 7, Atanas Malik 8, Michael mwangi 9, S.Asena 10, Caroline Ndungu 11, Jane karanja 12

ABSTRACT:Though Enarapril nephroteratogenicity when exposed in utero is documented in literature there is paucity of data on its teratogenic volumetric histo-quantitativeeffects on the cortical, medullary and its total volumes when exposed at differing window period and at different doses. This study therefore evaluates thetotal, cortical and medullary layers histo-Quantitive changes on the developing fetal Kidneys following in-utero exposure to varied doses of Enarapril at different window periods. In carrying out the study thirty gravid rats of 200-250g were assigned to either control of three dams or treatment groups of twenty-seven dams. To evaluate the most critical period, the experimental group was subdivided into three study groups of 9 rats each of Low, medium and high Dose Enalapril Groups namely; [LDEG0.5mg/kg/bw], [MDEG-1mg/kg/Bw], and [HDEG-2mg/kg/bw] respectively. To evaluate the most critical period, the 9 rats in each of the three dose groups were further sub-divided into three sub groups according to the time of exposure as follows; 3 rats for trimester one( TM1),3rats for trimester two (TM2,) and 3 rats for trimester three (TM3). All dams were humanely sacrificed at GD20 then 3 fetuses with the lowest, median and highest weight from each rats selected and their kidneys harvested, weighed and histologically processed for histo-Quantitive analysis. The kidneys’ total volume was measured by both Archimedean Principle and Cavalieri method to adopt a less than 10% shrinkage from the two methods and the volumes of the cortical and medullary layers were estimated by Cavalieri method. Data was collected using tally sheets, analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison tests were done and results expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for all values. All results whose p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Findings were presented in form of tables. This study elucidated that prenatal exposure to enalapril results to altered structural organization of the renal parenchyma including significant reduction in gross kidney volumes, reduction in cortical and medullary layer thickness. In conclusion, Enalapril in the doses of 1mg/kg/BW and 2mg/kg/BW during pregnancy are teratogenic to the developing fetal kidney particularly during second and third trimesters (TM2) and (TM3). Teratogenic effects in trimester one (TM1) occurred only in high doses. The most vulnerable window period and critical dose for enalapril teratogenicity was established to be TM2 at 2mg/kg/BW respectively. The study recommends that maternal enalapril should be avoided particularly in TM2, TM3 and in TM1 in doses of 2mg/kg/BW and alternative antihypertensive sought. Further studies are recommended in higher nonhuman primates like monkeys and gorillas.

Keyword:Enarapril, kidney teratogenicity, Pregnancy, stereology

Macharia Peris 1, Kweri Joseph 2, Cyrus Kamau 3, Kanyoni James 4, Mwangi Ann5 Caroline Sigei 6, Rono walter 7, Atanas Malik 8, Michael mwangi 9, S.Asena 10, Caroline Ndungu 11, Jane karanja 12

ABSTRACT:Though, Enarapril is a widely prescribed antihypertensive medicine in the class of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, due to its monotherapeutic success and its cost effectiveness, existing literature has however shown that it may interfere with the development of fetal kidneys when exposed in-utero. Though this data on its nephroteratogenic effect on the developing fetal kidneys exists there is paucity of data on its histomorphological effects to the cortical and medullary layers in the fetal kidneys when exposed at different window periods and at varied doses. In carrying out the study, thirty Albino rats’ dams weighing between 200-250g were assigned to two broad groups of 3 rats control and 27 rats experimental. To evaluate the nephroteratogenic effects of Enarapril on varied doses the 27 rats in the experimental group were further divided into three subgroups of 9 rats each according to doses of Enarapril applied as follows, 9 rats each for Low that received [LDEG-0.5mg/kg/bw],, 9 rats for medium that received [MDEG-1mg/kg/Bw] and 9 rats high Dose Enalapril Groups [HDEG-2mg/kg/bw respectively. To evaluate the most critical period, the 9 rats in each of the three dose groups were further sub-divided into three sub groups according to the time of exposure as follows; 3 rats for trimester one( TM1),3rats for trimester two (TM2,) and 3 rats for trimester three (TM3). All dams were humanely sacrificed at GD20 then 3 fetuses with the lowest, median and highest weight from each rats selected and their kidneys harvested, weighed and processed for histomorphological analysis. This study established that in utero enalapril caused significant in reduction in the cortical layer thickness and widened capsular space with glomerular hypertrophy when administered in the second and trimesters. In conclusion, enalapril in doses of 1mg/kg/BW and 2mg/kg/BW in second and third trimesters (TM2) and (TM3) are nephroteratogenic. The most vulnerable period was established to be TM2 at 2mg/kg/BW. The study recommends that maternal enalapril should be avoided in doses of 2mg/kg/BW and 1mg/kg/BW across all trimesters and alternative antihypertensives sought. Further studies are also recommended in higher non-human primates like monkeys and gorillas as they would give finding that are more close to humans.

Keyword:Enarapril, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, kidney teratogenicity, Pregnancy.

Dr. Moses Siboi Okonda (corresponding Author), Prof. Ogodo J.M. Nandi and Dr. Loreen Maseno

ABSTRACT:A global survey on the sexual situation of widows reveals that there is a general infringement on widows’ sexuality in many traditions and cultures. The aim of this study was to ascertain the factors responsible for the prevailing perception on widows’ sexuality among Abanyole of Emuhaya. Interview and Focused Group Discussion schedules were used to collect data from respondents. Relevant literatures were also perused to examine and provide a perspective to the study. Social Justice Lenses were employed in the analysis of the data. Findings were descriptively presented as narrated themes. It is established that there are many varied factors responsible for the prevailing Abanyole perception on widows’ sexuality which is characteristically male-centered stigmatizing females. These factors fall under physiological, psychological, social and religious categories. It is the view of this article that appropriate engagement with the Abanyole culture in light of contemporary realities will lead to a greater appreciation of prevailing perception on widows’ sexuality thereby averting female subjugation that characterizes widow sexuality.

Keyword:Widow, Sexuality, Culture, Gender, Trajectory, Christianity, Perception.

Isah Aliyu Galadanchi 1, Abdulhamid Ahmed1 and Mohammed Suleiman 1

ABSTRACT:In this research, the effect of aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extracts of the flower, leaves and whole plant of Striga hermonthica against the species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes’ larvae were investigated. The plant specimen was obtained within Katsina State between June and September 2019. The plants were identified in the department of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina. Extraction was carried out using the conventional maceration technique. The phytochemical test of the plant extracts was carried out using combined standard procedure and TLC to ascertain the findings from phytochemical screening. Mosquito larvae of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex species were collected and identified from their breeding sites around the Katsina metropolis. Physicochemical assessment of the water from which the larvae was collected was also determined. The Larvicidal bioassay was done according to the laid procedure of the World Health Organization (WHO). Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to identify the possible mechanism of action through which the extract has larvicidal activity. The extract from the three plant parts has shown the presence of secondary metabolites. All tested extracts showed larval mortality, however, larval mortality of flower was greatest in aqueous extracts (93.35%) at 48 hours of exposure, while the lowest mortality was observed in aqueous extracts of 0.1 % with (1.67%) in flower, leaves and whole plant respectively. Percentage mortality after 12 hours of exposure at 1.0 % in leaves and whole plant showed less larval mortality compared to flower aqueous extract at high concentration. The larval mortality in chloroform extracts also showed the highest mortality (91.67%) at 1.0% with chloroform flower extract after 48 hours of exposure. The low concentration of 0.2% showed the lowest larval mortality (1.67%) after 12 hours of exposure to the flower. The larval mortality was also great with methanol extract after 48 hours of exposure on the whole plant while the lowest was observed in flower and leaves at a low concentration of 0.2% after 12 and 24 hours of exposure. It was found that all parts of Striga hermonthica contain Larvicidal properties that could be developed as larvicides for mosquito control. Atomic spectroscopy absorption indicates the concentration of the Na+, K+, Cu2+ and Mg+ ions present in the control and treated samples in an attempt to determine the mechanism of action viz: Na+/K+ATPase. The control group showed a decreased concentration of the K+ and consequent increase in Na+, which was reversed in the treated sample.

Keyword:Mosquito larva, Striga hermonthica, Anopheles, Culex And Aedes mosquito larvae.

1 Zuraida Ab Rahman, 1 Ayu Nazreena Othman, 2 Norma Hussin, 3 Fatin KamiliaJohari and 4 Amirah Balqis Amir Amran

ABSTRACT:: Cinnamomum zeylanicum is a plant that is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastritis, blood circulation disturbance, and inflammatory diseases. As an evaluation of the scientific basis of the use of the plant, research regarding the antimicrobial activities of essential oil of cinnamonwere conducted against some common gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria, and also fungi. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by the determination of the diameter of the zone of inhibition against both gram-negative and grampositive bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The results showed that all of the bacterial and also fungal pathogens were inhibited by a variety of concentrations of cinnamon leaves essential oil ( 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, and 100 %). Studies on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the test organisms showed that the lowest MIC was demonstrated against Streptococcus.pyogenes and the highest MBC was exhibited against Escherichia coli.

Keyword:Cinnamomum zeylanicum, microbial pathogens, essential oil, antimicrobial agent

Willem Francois Esterhuyse

ABSTRACT:We give a model for particles which explains why particle properties are quantised. We define particles as pictures. We define a pi-minus, electron, electron antineutrino and a proton. We prove the model for electrons. We aslo show how to construct antiparticles. We show why Gravity is fundamentally different from the other forces. The model predicts the Electromagnetic field of a free electron. The model also predicts that antimatter will have attractive gravity with matter.

Keyword:Pi-minus, Electron, Electron antineutrino, Particle Definition, Quantum Particles.

Jaime E. Araya

ABSTRACT:This monograph summarizes the revision and book on the develoopment of insect xenotypes in response to the extensive crops of resistant plant varieties and their importance for plant breeding published by the author (see in list of references).

Keyword:Insect biotypes, pest xenotypes, population variants, subpopulations,

Temesgen Kassa Getahun

ABSTRACT:Brucellosis is a contagious and economically important bacterial disease of animals worldwide and it is considered as one of the neglected zoonoses in the world. Despite being endemic in many developing countries, brucellosis remains under diagnosed and under reported. This disease is an important disease among animal and people in Africa. Bovine brucellosis is an infectious and contagious disease and is predominantly a disease of sexually mature animals which usually caused by B. abortus; occasionally by B.melitensis and B.suis.The disease poses a barrier to trade of animals, economic loss due to delayed heat, loss of calves and reduced milk production. Brucellosis is considered as one of the most widespread but neglected zoonoses in the world. B.melitensis, B.suis, B.abortusand B.canis are zoonotic pathogenic species of Brucella. Human clinical disease is characterized by severe flu-like illness, serious complications of joints (arthritis) or internal organs (heart failure). Even though a large number of studies on bovine brucellosis have been reported in different part of the country, the is no documented review on the disease. The finding of positive serological reactors did not only suggest the presence of the disease in the cattle population, but also indicated the presence of foci of infection that could serve as sources of infection for the spread of the disease into unaffected animals and humans.In conclusion the implementation of test and slaughter policy with compensation payment to the farmers as the prevalence of the disease is low in the study area.Awareness creation among farmers, butchery men, abattoir workers and animal health workers about the nature and effect of the disease through formal and informal educational channels is required.

Keyword:Abortion, Bovine Brucellosis, Human Brucellosis, Risk factors, Seroprevalence.

Vhonani Makhari

ABSTRACT:The study was conducted in order to assess and evaluate factors that affect the degree of compliance of 450 small, micro and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) that operate in the various regions of Elias Motsoaledi, Ephraim Mogale, Fetakgomo-Tubatse and Makhuduthamaga Local Municipalities in the Sekhukhune District of Limpopo Province. The dependent variable of study was a measure of the degree of adherence of owners and operators of SMMEs to basic guidelines and principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). A composite index developed by Flammer, Hong and Minor (2019) was used as a benchmark for assessing the degree of adherence to CRS guidelines and principles in SMMEs. The independent variables of study were 49 socioeconomic variables of study that are known to affect the degree to which SMMEs comply with basic guidelines and principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Data was collected by using a structured, pretested and validated questionnaire of study. Data analyses were conducted by using methods such as frequency tables, cross-tab analyses, ordered logit analysis and structural equations modelling. The study entailed the analyses of the 4 dimensions or aspects of CSR defined by Palazzo, Vollero, Foroudi and Siano (2019). These aspects are ethical, legal, economic and philanthropic. The study found that 37% of SMMEs adhered to CSR guidelines and principles sufficiently, whereas the remaining 63% of SMMEs did not do the same by the same standards. Based on odds ratios estimated from ordered logit analysis and structural equations modelling, compliance with CSR guidelines and principles was significantly influenced by 3 factors. Odds ratios estimated from ordered logit regression analysis showed that the ability of business operators to adhere to CSR guidelines and principles were significantly influenced by 3 factors. These factors were the perception held by business owners and operators about the importance of CSR principles, the degree of awareness about CSR principles and guidelines among business owners and operators, and honesty in the course of conducting business, in a decreasing order of strength.

Keyword:Sekhukhune district Municipalities, SMME, Corporate Social Responsibility, Ordered logit regression analysis

S.J.Kayode 1 , E.A.Areo 2, J.O.Adegboro 3

ABSTRACT:The Continuous Two Step Trigonometrically-Fitted Second Order Method (TSTSOM) is used in this study to solve an oscillating problem of ordinary differential equations. The coefficients of the developed approaches are determined by the approximate solution’s frequency and step size, a discrete trigonometrically -fitted second order ordinary differential equation was recovered as a by-product. To demonstrate the method’s usefulness and efficiency, the method’s stability and other properties qualities will be described and implemented to solve linear and nonlinear initial value oscillatory problems.

Keyword:Linearmultistep, interpolationtechniques, Trigonometric-fitted, predictor-corrector.

*Nkamigbo, D.C. and Isibor, C.A.

ABSTRACT:The study examined the market structure, conduct and volume of trade among channels of sweet potato marketing in Anambra State. Data were collected from primary source using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency and gini coefficient. The socioeconomic characteristics revealed dominance of female and married in the marketing of sweet potato in the study area. The result revealed four channel of flow of produce from producer to the end user. The fourth channel involved the flow of produce from producer to wholesalers who sold in bulk to retailers that sold in small quantities to consumers. The implication is that the longer the channel, the lower price accrued to producers due to more exploitation of the middlemen. The findings revealed that majority of wholesalers (84.2%) and retailers (82.5%) used common pricing techniques of fixing price after considering expenses incurred. Market structure, using gini coefficient gave an index of 0.6218 and 0.6927 for wholesalers and retailers respectively. The result showed a high level of income inequalities in the distribution of income, high concentration of sales in the hands of few marketers hence existence of near imperfect market. It was recommended that both government and marketers should improve and upgrade the market infrastructure to accommodate the new entrants into the enterprise for maximum profit and welfare

Keyword:Market structure, conduct, trade, Sweet potato

Alade, Segun Peter

ABSTRACT:This study adopts the Linear Quadratic Discriminant Analysis method in the classification of ordinal dataset problems involving two group cases. The essence was to determine if there are significant differences based on some selected variables between infants that had exclusive breastfeeding and those that had complementary breastfeeding in their first six months of life. The variables chosen to determine this are weight, height, morbidity, and level of activeness of the child. The Discriminant analysis which is a parametric technique to govern which weightings of the selected independent variables are best to discriminate between the two groups shows that 52% of the population studied practice exclusive breastfeeding while 48% practice complementary breastfeeding during the first six months of life of the child. The Wilks’ Lambda shows that the most discriminating variable between the two groups is the weight of the child. The height and level of activeness of the child also discriminate between the two groups. It was also observed that the length of time the child was also breastfed has a significant impact ondifferentiating between the two groups. The classification results show the derived Fishers’ discriminant function classifies only 59.1% of the cases correctly, this implies that the model is weak in actually discriminating between the two groups, this invariably implies that either the two groups are too closely related based on the selected variables or that a more powerful data mining tool be used to establish the difference between the two groups.

Keyword:Discriminant, exclusive, complimentary, breastfeeding, classification

Millogo Vinsoun 1,2*,Kéré Michel 1,2, Sissao Mariétou 3, Sidibé-Anago Alice Gisèle 6, Koudougou Hafsatou 1, Robert Burdick 4 and Timothy Harrigan 5

ABSTRACT:Burkina Faso is a Sahelian country with a long dry season when the livestock base-pasture grazing is facing a severe forage shortage. The feed gap can drastically affect ruminant’s production performances, particularly cattle. In order to contribute to feed availability in the dry season, an experiment was carried out on forage production and silage production using a forage chopping tool called appropriate scale mechanization consortium chopper (ASMC chopper). The experiment took place at the ASMC project site at Koumbia Tuy’s province in the Hauts-Bassins Region, Burkina Faso (West Africa). Maize, sorghum and millet were used to produce silage and evaluate nutritive values. The present study hypothesized that: i)-the chopped forage size with ASMC chopper doesn’t significantly modify silage quality; ii)-the nutritive value of forage is conserved during the ensiling process. Chopping rate were 6.13 ± 0.13 kg/min, 6.08 ± 0.91 kg/min and 6.33 ± 0.17 kg/min for maize, millet and sorghum respectively. The forage was silage in 50 and 200 L drums. In term of forage quality, for maize NDF (63.29 to 64.83%), ADF (29.6 to 29.72 %), crude protein (11.07%) did not change. It was found 69.3 to 68.39% of NDF, 36.51 to 36.17 % of ADF and 6.96 to 7.06% of crudes proteins for sorghum. NDF content (70.39%) did not change for millet and the average of 39.9 to 41.42% for ADF and 7.83 to 6.44% for crudes proteins were respectively found. At the end of the process, silage was used to feed the farmer’s lactating cows to see feed intake. Maize silage dry matter feed intake was higher in cow number 2 at 3.25 ± 0.99 kg than in cow number 4 at 2.44 ± 1.49 kg. In conclusion, ASMC chopper is an appropriate tool for silage making which is a good strategy for livestock feeding system and feed availability in Burkina Faso with conserved feed quality during the dry season.

Keyword:Maize, sorghum, millet, chopper, ensiling, silage, feeding, livestock, Burkina Faso

1 Kalu Emmanuel Okechukwu*, 2 Okocha Kalu Sunday and 2 Ezegbe Clement Chinedum

ABSTRACT:Cocoyam inflorescence was processed by blanching (water), soaking at 100oc (for 20mins), Boiling (for10mins) and drying (oven and sun drying). Unprocessed (fresh) samples served as the control. Samples were analysed for proximate and mineral composition. All the analysis was determined, using standard analytical method. Processing methods had significant (p<0.05) effect on the proximate and mineral composition of cocoyam inflorescence. Oven and Sun drying increased the proximate composition significantly (p <0.05). Fresh Cocoyam inflorescence contain 2.83% ash, 1.17% fibre, 1.78% fat , 3.10% protein and 19.84% carbohydrate. Boiled samples showed the highest ash content (9.40-9.80%). Blanched samples showed the highest fat content (3.59%) while unblanched dried samples had the highest fibre (8.62-9.19%) and protein (6.56-7.50%) contents. The mineral contents (mg/100g) of the fresh sample were (1.14), (4.80), (60.70), (0.003), (22.92) and (18.13%) for Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Na and I. Boiling reduced Ca content (p <0.05) by 7.89%. Soaking reduced Mg content (p <0.05) by 73.8% while boiling reduced Mg content by 73.9%. Water blanched sample showed Fe content of 1.91mg/100g (p <0.05). Blanching reduced iodine content from 18.13 to 0.64%. These results revealed that fresh Cocoyam inflorescence contains appreciable amount of minerals and nutrients. Different processing methods caused significant (p<0.05) reduction in minerals, and increased the proximate composition of Cocoyam inflorescence. Boiling with oven drying showed higher nutrient values.

Keyword:Cocoyam Inflorescence, minerals, processing, proximate, nutrient.