International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Garba Saleh, PhD & Halliru Sanusi

Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, P.M.B., 3473, Kano State Nigeria

ABSTRACT:Sheep play a significant role in socio-cultural activities as they are of great use during cultural, religious and festive in Nigeria. Sheep production is the best way of enhancing meat supply and also generates income to small holder farmers. The aim of this study was to investigate the haematological and serum biochemistry profiles of Yankasa sheep fed complete diets containing rice straw. Twelve (12) Yankasa sheep (rams) were used in this experiment. The animals were randomly distributed to 4 groups of 3 animals each. Each ram served as a replicate and an adjustment period of a week was allowed for the animals before data collection commenced. The feeding trial lasted for a period of 70 days. In this study completely randomized design (CRD) was used. Data collected was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The treatment means were separated and compared using standard error of the mean (SEM), and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) as contained in SPSS (2013) for window 32, version 24. Results of this experiment revealed that for haematological parameters, white Blood cells (WBC), Haemoglobin (HGB) and Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were not significant (P>0.05), while Red Blood Cell (RBC) and other parameters were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the level of inclusion of rice straw in the diets. Moreover, for biochemical parameters urea, sodium, bicarbonate (HCO3), creatinine and Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) were not significant (P>0.05), while potassium, Glutamic Pyruvi Transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphate were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the level of inclusion of rice straw in the diets. From the present study, it can be concluded that the haematological and biochemical parameters for sheep studied in this experiment fall within recommendations. Therefore, this study recommends that rice straw could be incorporated into the sheep diet up to 50% as replacement level for wheat offal without any health challenge. Moreover, the feeds are fit for animal consumption.

Keyword: sheep; haematological; biochemistry; diets, rice straw.

Dr. Shadrack Kinyua Inoti (PhD).

Research field: Dryland forestry Department of Natural Resources, Egerton University, Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya

ABSTRACT:Asexual propagation is necessary to provide known sex plants in jojoba to boost yields. An experiment was set up to identify the most appropriate Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) and genotype interaction for propagation of cuttings in semi arid areas of Kenya. The experiment was a 42 factorial laid down in a RCBD with 16 treatments replicated 3 times. The treatments consisted of 2 factors namely: PGR and genotype and 4 levels of PGRs which were IBA, Roothom, Anatone and the Control while those of genotypes were M1= male 1, M2= male 2, F1= female 1 and F2= female 2. ANOVA was carried out using SAS package whereas the significantly different treatment means were separated using DMRT at p < 0.05. The trial was carried out for 5 months in 2013 at Wildlife works Ltd, Voi. Results showed that Anatone x M2 interaction was the best for rooting (62.7%) whereas IBA x M1 interaction showed the highest performance in most of the variables measured for shoot and foliage growth. This study recommends the use of Anatone x M2 genotype interaction for future propagation of jojoba cuttings. However, further research is recommended on screening of a wide range of PGR x genotype for propagation of jojoba cuttings in semi-arid areas of Kenya.

Keyword:Genotype, Plant Growth Regulator, jojoba, cuttings.

Olufemi Osifuye, Zeleke Worku and Mammo Muchie

Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) Business School 159 Nana Street, Pretoria 0001

ABSTRACT:The study is based on the assessment of mediating factors for the provision of financial services in the City of Tshwane. Fiscal discipline, good governance and service delivery depend on the degree to which prudent financial, auditing and accounting procedures are implemented by finance employees working for the City of Tshwane. The aim of study was to explain the relationship between the degree of adherence to the South African Municipal Finance Management Act (Act number 56 of 2003) and the degree of customer satisfaction with the quality of municipal services that are provided to customers in the City of Tshwane. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 146 employees of the City of Tshwane who were responsible for providing financial services to cutomers. Data was collected by using a structured, pre-tested and validated questionnaire of study. Statistical methods such as frequency tables, cross-tab analyses and logit analysis were used for performing data analyses. Efficiency in financial management was assessed by assessing the degree of adherence of employees to the Muncipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) based on a composite index defined by Kaiser, Crother, Kelly, Luiselli, O’Shea, Ota, Passos, Schleip & Wuster (2013). The study showed that 89% of the 146 employees who were selected for the study demonstrated adequate adherence to the Act, whereas 11% of employees failed to do so by the same standards. The study found that the degree of adherence of employees to the MFMA was significantly influenced by 3 factors. These 3 factors were degree of skills in financial accounting and auditing, duration of service, and degree of job satisfaction, in a decreasing order of strength. The results also showed that there was a statistically significant association between the quality of financial and auditing services that were provided to customers and the degree of adherence to the Muncipal Finance Management Act.

Keyword:City of Tshwane, Mediating factors, Financial services, Odds ratio.

Gülay Baysal, Gizem Özkan and Ecem Günerhan

Food Engineering, Engineering faculty, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 34295, Turkey

ABSTRACT:This study aims that the yogurt serum, which is the waste of yogurt production, to be included in daily food consumption. First, pineapple and pomegranate flavoured yogurt serums have been produced by carrying out the required process. Then, having characterized the pure and the fruit-flavoured yogurt serums, protein determination by Kjeldahl method, moisture and ascorbic acid determinations, fat analysis by Gerber test, density, colour, microbiotic analyses as well as ash determination has been carried out. These analyses were carried out on the first, fourth, seventh and the tenth days and the findings were compared by their nutritive values.

Keyword:Yogurt serum, pineapple, pomegranate, nutritional values, characterization.

Pajo N., Maigida, R.,Nujore K.A., Usman, A. And Bobboi, M

Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture Jalingo*

ABSTRACT:Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis, Hook F.) is one of the most important vegetables grown in Nigeria. It is generally regarded as a leaf and seed vegetable. The leaf has high nutritional, medicinal and industrial values being rich in protein 29%, fat 18%, minerals and vitamins 20% In the present study, an attempt was made to calculate the cost of cultivation, find out resource use efficiency and to find out constraints in production and marketing of fluted pumpkin in the study area. The study area selected was Gassol, Jalingo and Donga. A multistage sampling method involving a combination of purposive and random sampling procedures was employed in drawing up the sample block, villages and farmers for collecting primary data. One hundred and fifty farmers (60 marginal, 39 small and 51 large) were selected at random by proportional probability sampling technique. In the study Maximum likelihood Estimation (MLE) technique was used in stochastic frontier production for Total fixed cost for marginal, small and medium farmer are N7836.43, 7190.44 and 7181.91respectively .The benefit cost ratio is Maximum in case of medium farmers with at 2.9:1, followed by small farm (2.4:1) and marginal farmers (1.5:1). The gross returns from a hectare land are highest in case of medium farm with N73869.53 followed by marginal (59251.87) and small (57359.88). A significant difference indicates sub-optimal allocation of resource. Labour, fertilizer and machine are not efficiently utilized in the study area. The study suggests that there should be a wellbuilt infrastructural provision and efficient use of inputs with strong price regulating market organization without malpractices which would show the way to a well-built pumpkin production system.

Keyword:Fluted Pumpkin, Profitability, Return on Investment, Fixed cost, Variable cost.

Nompumelelo Mirriam Gumede, Zeleke Worku and Mammo Muchie

Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) Business School 159 Nana Sita Street, Pretoria 0001, South Africa

ABSTRACT:The study was conducted in order to assess and evaluate predictors of service quality in respect of administrative services that are provided to students enrolled at Tshwane University of Technology (TUT). The study was conducted by collecting data from a stratified random sample of size 120 employees of TUT. Data was gathered by use of a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The sample size of the study was equal to n=120. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were used for conducting the study. As part of the quantitative aspect of study, data analysis was performed by using methods such as frequency tables, cross-tab analyses, logit analysis, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms and Bayesian analysis. The performance of employees was assessed by using a composite index developed by Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain (2014) for conducting a similar study. The study found that 68 of 120 respondents who were selected for the study (56.67%) were capable of providing highly professional services to students and relevant stakeholders by the standards of Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain (2014), whereas the remaining 52 respondents (43.33%) were incapable of doing the same. Results obtained from logit analysis, MCMC algorithms and Bayesian analysis showed that the ability of employees to provide highly professional admission related services to students and relevant stakeholders was significantly influenced by 3 factors. These predictor variables were having the best interest of customers at all times, having adequate knowledge about procedures and queries from customers, and showing courtesy to customers at all times, in a decreasing order of strength.

Keyword:Tshwane University of Technology, Admission services, Logit analysis, Bayesian analysis.

Najjuma Oliver Babirye

Department of Philosophy, the Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya

ABSTRACT:Gambling is one of the moral issues raising a lot of debate. Some of the questions raised include these; why do people gamble? Is there a relationship between crime and gambling? What impact does it have to the society and the individual? Is it ethical in the first place? Austin Fagothey while dealing with the contracts of chance stressed that, though gambling is not in itself morally wrong, it is so open to serious abuse and so it should be strictly regulated. It is within this view that the author will answer some of the raised questions about gambling and then argue that gambling, if not restricted, has a severe impact to the society and to the individual.

Keyword:Impact, Gambling, Society, Ethical, Point, View

Shambel Aseffa

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Pawe Agricultural Research Center P.O.Box 025

ABSTRACT:Yield and productivity of coffee in Ethiopia has been far below other coffee growing countries partly due to poor management practice, lack of high yielder variety. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at Guangua fruit and vegetable nursery site during 2010-2016 growing season to test the adaptability of released CBD resistance lowland coffee variety in Guangua conditions, Northwestern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of six released CBD resistance coffee variety and three local check that were laid out in randomized complete block design with two replications. Results of this study revealed that yield were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by variety. Maximum yield (9.62 and 9.0 Q/ha) recorded from local check wen 27/09 and wen 18/09 and the minimum yield (3.24, 3.43 and 3.47 Q/ha) recorded from released variety 76/98,105/98 and 78/84, respectively. Accordingly, local check wen 27/09 and wen 18/09 and released variety 7440 and w 4/98 are the most suitable cultivars specifically in the study area.

Keyword:Adaptability, Coffee, yield

*Ozor, Mourice Uche, Nkamigbo, Darlington Chineze 2 and Chiekezie, Njideka Rita2

*Holyghost Novitiate, Awomama, Imo State, Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural Technology, School of Agriculture and Related Discipline, Anambra State Polytechnic Mgbakwu, Anambra State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT:The study examined performance evaluation of dry white and yellow maize (zea mays) marketing, implication for employment and poverty alleviation in Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, it examine the profitability of dry and white maize marketing, marketing efficiency, marketing channel and problems associated with marketing of dry white and yellow maize in the study area. Multi stage and random sampling procedure were used to select 75 respondents for the study. Data were collected on revenue and cost variables, product price, as well as constraints to dry maize marketing. Profitability of dry maize marketing was achieved using budgetary technique, while constraints to dry maize marketing were realized using a 4-point Likert type scale. From the result, for the wholesalers, white dry maize grains generated gross margin of N,9,992,575 and net marketing income of N9,633,634,45 while yellow dry maize grains earned the marketers gross margin and net marketing income of N9,992,125 and N9633,184.45 respectively and recorded net return on investment of 0.6 for dry white maize and 0.5 for dry yellow maize for every N1.00 spent by the marketers. Further result on the retail side generated gross margin of N9,420,115 and net marketing income of N9,274,080.7 for dry white maize while dry yellow maize grains earned the retailers gross margin and net marketing income of N9,491,395 and N9345360,7 respectively and net return on investment of 0.8 for dry white maize grains and 0.8 for dry yellow maize grain. The study revealed that dry white and yellow maize marketing in the study area is a profitable venture. From the result, the retailers were more efficient in dry maize grain marketing than the wholesalers because they expended less of their sales revenue on cost. High cost of transportation wholesalers (M=2.86), inadequate capital (M= 2.63), storage pests and diseases (M= 2.60) and high market levy (M= 2.55) were the most perceived problem facing the enterprise. Government should provide necessary transportation facilities such as good network of roads and mass transit vehicles so as to ameliorate the transportation problems of the marketers, improve marketing efficiency and net marketing income realized by the marketers also the dry maize marketers should form a cooperative so as to build storage facilities and secure soft loans and grants from government were recommended.

Keyword:Performance, Efficiency, Profitability , Dry-Maize

Nkamigbo, Darlington Chineze*, Chiekezie, Njideka Rita1 and Ozor, Mourice Uche2

*1Department of Agric Tech, School of Agriculture and Related Discipline, Anambra State Polytechnic Mgbakwu, Anambra State, Nigeria. 2Holyghost Novitiate, Awomama, Imo State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT:The study examined the performance of fresh tomato marketing in Nnewi LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, it ascertained socio-economic characteristics of tomato marketers, market conduct of tomato marketers, profitability of tomato marketers and constraints to tomato marketing in the study area. Purposive and simple random sampling procedure were used to select 120 marketers for the study and data collection was only on primary source using structured questionnaire and were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics,budgetary method, Sherpherd-Futrel technique and a 4-Likert technique. From the result, the socio-economic characteristics of the marketers showed that the marketers were relatively young and energitic. The result revealed that women involvement in marketing of tomato is targeted in improving the poor economic conditions of their household. It could be seen from the profitability analysis that out of the total cost of N 11176315.00 spent by the marketers, purchases constituted 88.3% while the least expense was miscellaneous (recharge card and nylon bag) (0.2%) whereas the venture generated a gross margin of N10104730. 00. The result indicated a good level of inefficiency of 53.44% among the traders. The study revealed that tomato marketing in the study area is a profitable venture. The tomato traders should form a cooperative so as to purchase cooling vans, built storage facilities and secure soft loans and grants from government were recommended.

Keyword:Performance, Efficiency, Profitability , Tomato

Joseph A. ERHO1 and Juliana I. CONSUL2

Niger Delta University, Mathematics/Computer Science Department, Nigeria

ABSTRACT:Sequence blocks exchange or rotation often requires greatest common divisor (gcd) calculated or three-way-reversal swaps of elements to accomplish it. Using three way sequence reversal has somewhat posed challenges in effort to give exact number of index comparisons and elements moves. This is commonly seen with the use of terms or operators like "about", " ", or " " to indicate approximate or possible number of comparisons and/or assignments. In this paper, we propose concise way of expressing the precise and exact number of comparisons and thus, number of moves in the three-way-reversal based rotation using simple equation. With five input scenarios, we show how the equation produces precise values and give reason why previous studies had to rely on approximation. The current study is useful in complexity analysis of algorithm such as in-place merging in sorting. The data considered, with their computed outcome, quickly suggest the need for further work on gcd based rotation.

Keyword:Sequence block exchange , sequence rotation, sequence reversal, gcd cycle rotation, rotation complexity analysis, algorithm, equation.

Najjuma Oliver Babirye

Department of Philosophy, The Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya

ABSTRACT:This paper seeks to use Aristotelian virtue of friendship as a way of countering psychological egoism among the youth. In the first section we shall explore psychological egoism and under this, some views of psychological egoists like Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Mandeville will be brought to the fore. After their views we shall examine the arguments for and against psychological egoism plus the inconsistency of psychological egoism. In the second section we shall analyze Aristotle's virtue of friendship and the meaning of altruism. We shall concisely explain the types of friendship as presented in Nicomachean ethics. This will be followed by its relevance to the youth. Then in the third section the general overview of friendship with an intention of countering psychological egoism will be elucidated.

Keyword:Relevance,Aristotle,Virtue,Friendship,Countering,Psychological Egoism, Among Youth.

Peter W. Wamalwa and Prof. Stanley N. Mutsotso

Kibabii University

ABSTRACT:Effective and Efficient construction of knowledge, skills and attitude in an attractive, interactive, engaging appealing and fashionable learning for Equity, Quality and Relevance of education is a concern by many scholars. This is due to rapid emerging developments in education and the modern world. Among these developments are the increased demands for relevant and quality education. These developments are putting undue pressure on education and as a result has brought into focus the most demanded for and yet elusive aspects of education – use of visual aids in Kenya, policy and practice. It is in the context of this focus that this paper interrogates the present topic. Visual learning resources enhances cognitive and retention abilities among learners for effective and efficient learning. This paper discuss historical background of Visual aids in Kenya; legal framework on visual learning materials; comparative analysis of forms of visual aids for learning, role of visual resources, criteria for selection of visual resources, management of visual resources in Kenya, challenges in using visual resources and, conclusion.

Keyword:Quality education, comparative analysis, legal framework and Management of Visual aids.

1Colman Tumaini Uledi, 2Rev. Dr. Simon Njuguna, Dr.3Anthony OpiyoOgutu

Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Department of Philosophy

ABSTRACT:The main concern of this paper is is to explore and investigate on the problem of Truth. In the history of philosophy, the problem of Truth is directly connected with that of Being. These two concepts of Being and Truth are interrelated and interchangeable. The problem of Truth begins with the misinterpretation of Being. before Heidegger, Being has been understood as an entity, as that which is present-at-hand, that is, as that which is not self-conscious. This resulted in misinterpretation of Truth as an entity. To solve the problem of Truth, we have first to revisit the question concerning the meaning of Being. Being is neither, an essence, form nor matter as pre-Socratic, classical, medieval and modern philosophers defined it. Rather, Being is that which is self-conscious of itself, that is, it is the one who understands his being and can raise questions about his own being. This Being is not other than man who Heidegger calls Dasein. He is the only Being who exists. The existence of other entities depend on the existence of Daseinbecause he is the one who assigns meaning to them and they exist not for their own sake but for the sake of Dasein. Truth, however, is not only the object of knowledge but also having pretheoretical connection with Being. Truth is a property of man. It belongs to man, because he is the only being who is able to interpret his own being through language. There was no Truth and there will be no Truth without man. Man is the one who uncovers things from their unhidden as being in a certain way and of a certain type. He is the only one who lets things open out of their hiddenness. He is like the sun which illumines things in the world. Therefore, Truth is in so far as man is and as long as man is there is Truth.

Keyword:Being, Dasein, Existence, Unconcealment, Knowledge, and Truth.

Joachim David Kang’ethe Mbugua1*, John Muhenda1 and Simon Njuguna Waitherero1

1Department of Philosophy, the Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya

ABSTRACT:Virtues as positive character traits have been greatly deliberated upon in moral philosophy specifically and philosophy in general. The paper uses St. Thomas Aquinas’ virtue ethical theory which is Aristotelian in both nature and scope. The world is currently yearning for values in its operations. The understanding has necessitated the consideration of the relationship between ethics and other fields as a science of the ought and how it could positively influence other disciplines in terms of applicative sense. The concern of this paper is how could ethics enhance the eradication of corruption as a societal challenge to the acquisition of the common good. In order to achieve the possible outcome of the problem that this paper aspires to address, analytic methodology guided by Aristotelian virtue theory has been used. The paper has realized that values which inform virtues are essential in the fight against corruption since the future of a society is anchored on values which ought to be inculcated in our education system for the sole purpose of learning is transformation.

Keyword:Thomas Aquinas, Aristotelian, virtue, value, common good, corruption, societal.

Bidhya Dhungana1, Bijay Kumar Shrestha1, Jenish Shakya1, Hemanta Khanal1*

1Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Hattisar Dharan, Nepal *Corresponding Author: Hemanta Khanal, Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Dharan, Nepal

ABSTRACT:Plants extracts have been known to possess antimicrobial components that are effective to inhibit the pathogens.The different phytochemical present in plant extracts are effective in eliminating phytopathogens and could be better option for using them as biopesticides. The aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, garlic (Allium sativum) tuber and chilly (Capsicum annum) fruits and cow urine extracts were prepared and tested for presence of phytochemicals. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri, Xanthomonas oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and Bipolaris oryzae which were the potent phytopathogens was analyzed by agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All the plant extracts reported significant zones of inhibition against phytopathogens. The cow urine extracts of plants extracts showed effective inhibitory activity against selected phytopathogens. The inhibitory activity of A. indica and A. sativum combination was found be effective against X. axonopodis pv citri and F. oxysporum f.sp cubense with lowest MIC of 312.5µg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of different plant aqueous and cow urine extracts were statistically significant (p<0.05).This study concluded that botanical extracts in combination with cow urine can be an effective Biopesticides for the farmers. The rational use of plant extracts could be more beneficial to replace the use of chemical pesticides.

Keyword:Plant extracts, Cow urine, Synergistic effect, Phytopathogens, Antimicrobial activity

Mr. Elias Ernest Vumba, Moderated by: Rev. 1. Dr. Simon Njuguna, 2. Rev. Dr. Paul Nyaga

Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Department of Philosophy

ABSTRACT:Man is presented by Karl Rahner in his metaphysics as the questioner of being. The objective of this study is to establish how Rahner arrives at the conception of man as questioner of being. Kant’s transcendental method although is the best legitimate method for metaphysics needs to be brought to its ultimate conclusion. This was achieved by Rahner, through his conceiving man as questioner of being. The necessity of man’s quest for being is conditioned with his unlimited desire and the nature of being in its totality given to man as something questionable. Whenever man questions wants to know and being knows itself as act. Hence, being and knowing have immediate unity. The world is a constitutive structure of man as questioner of being, such that all transcendental existence of man must be understood on the basis of his world. In the world man lives with other beings. Moreover, man in the act of questioning being as being, surpass his finiteness and his world as he strives towards the absolute being.

Keyword:Man, Questioner and Being

1Acent Matias Mtika, 2Rev, Dr. Steven Okello, 3Dr. Anthony Opiyo Ogutu

Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Department of Philosophy

ABSTRACT:This paper is my own very attempt to bring into an analysis of the philosophical existential outlook at the existence of the Other person other than the self and the existential relational encounter that exist between the two individuals. Philosophically, this also known as the problem of the existence of the Other, the notion that historically it has been tackled with all sorts of different understandings and approaches from different thinkers. In such case, while keeping in mind the vastness of this notion, this paper has taken an interest in critically looking at the existential argument presented by Jean Paul Sartre concerning the encounter between the subjective self and the Other and also the possibility of a genuine relationship from such encounter. This paper takes Sartre’ analysis of the structure of a mode of being that is attributed to man, which he calls the Being-for-Other in reference to his work Being and Nothingness. The reasons why we have chosen Sartre’s argument in our paper, first, is that he takes his analysis from the ordinary everyday existential encounter with one another in the world. Therefore, we see this as being more relevant to how we look at our day to day human encounter and relationships. Another reason why we have chosen the Being-for-Other of Sartre, is his conclusive claims that he gives. In which he argues that the Other is a threat or a limitation to the very nature of the self, thus, no genuine relationship can be possible in such encounter. This paper starts by providing the two modes of existence that Sartre claims to have categorized the whole nature of reality as such. These are Being-For-Itself and Being-In-Itself, the analysis that he gives to the existential nature of each of these modes of existence, is of great importance in understanding the Being-for-Other of which he argues that it is an existential structure that is attributed to Being-for-Itself. However, at the same time it conflicts with the nature of this Being-for-Itself. We have tacked the phenomenon of the look as presented in his Being and Nothing, which explains the whole of his argument on interpersonal relationship. Then we have given our own conclusion from the philosophy of Sartre on the possibility of intersubjectivity.

Keyword:Phenomenology, Intersubjectivity, Existence, Being-For-Itself, Being-In-Itself, Freedom, Awareness, Limitation, Encounter and Ontological.